山区峡谷大跨度铁路桥梁方案设计研究

瓮安至马场坪铁路北延伸线湘江特大桥为大跨度山区铁路桥梁。桥址处山高谷深,建桥条件复杂。综合考虑桥址地理环境、地质、施工便捷性和工程经济性等因素,研究并提出3种可行的桥式方案,通过对结构体系、结构尺寸、施工方法、计算指标、工程造价、施工工期等方面进行研究,推荐120 m+2×235 m+120 m跨径组合的刚构斜拉桥方案。     

沪昆高铁北盘江特大桥导风栏杆防风效果风洞试验研究

为满足列车在25 m/s风速下以设计速度350 km/h安全通过桥梁,以沪昆高铁北盘江特大桥为工程背景,研发一种桥梁防风装置—导风栏杆。每根导风栏杆由挡风面、导风角、通风孔、加强肋、安装孔构成,挡风面近似为一个扇形结构,上部有导风角,挡风面上部均布通风孔。每根导风栏杆以一定的间距排列,通过螺栓与下部预埋组件相连。通过风洞试验和风-车-桥耦合分析对导风栏杆进行防风效果验证。结果表明:导风栏杆的应用解决了列车在大风情况下的全速安全运行问题,同时提高了列车的乘坐舒适性。导风栏杆兼具挡风、导风、栏杆功能于一体,同时发挥了桥梁防风、行人安全防护的功能。大部分风通过带折角的倾斜导风叶片进行转向,减小了风荷载对导风栏杆的受力,同时减小主梁的受力。     

The use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a particulate tracer in the water column of Gaoping (Kaoping) Submarine Canyon

Time-series samples of settling particles were collected in the water column of Gaoping (formerly spelled Kaoping) Submarine Canyon (KPSC) with two sediment traps on taut-line moorings deployed at two different depths (60 and 280 m) between May 26 and June 27, 2004. Average total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations of upper and lower trap array samples were 310 ± 61 ng g^− 1 dw (range: 200–440) and 240 ± 36 ng g^− 1 dw (range: 180–290), respectively. Principal component analysis results suggest that PAH sources in the trap-collected particles included diesel vehicle/coal burning, diagenetic sources, and petroleum release. PAH downward fluxes based on settling particles were estimated to be 12–44 μg m^− 2 d^− 1. These values are higher than those reported in the literature for most coastal areas. During the sampling period, both traps were significantly tilted by tidal current and fluctuated vertically. The upper traps experienced greater vertical movements, thus their particle characteristics (e.g., POC, particle mass, and fine particle fraction) varied more than those of the lower traps. Hourly depth variations of the tilted sediment trap array were echoed by the corresponding total PAH concentrations. Moreover, the PAH composition of the collected particles was related to the flow direction and speed. These observations suggest that PAHs can be used as an effective chemical tracer for the transport of terrestrial and marine particulates in a complex aquatic environment like Gaoping (Kaoping) Submarine Canyon.     

分层圆弧峡谷SV波地震差动模拟理论与桥梁破坏模式

为了探究局部地形及场地分层因素对地下多点地震动的影响，建立了分层圆弧峡谷模型，并进行了目标场地多点地震动模拟程序的开发和验证。在此基础上，对一跨越该场地的刚构桥进行了考虑多点激励作用下的地震反应分析。具体内容包括：首先，在推导得到SV波入射层状圆弧峡谷地震反应频域解基础上，依据规范谱确定矩阵的峡谷各位置自谱（绝对值），联合自谱和峡谷相干函数得到互谱，进而与自谱共同构造出功率谱矩阵。由此同时体现了峡谷局部场地三大典型物理效应：散射、相干和分层效应，奠定了SV波入射下层状峡谷多点地震动模拟的基础，填补了由于竖向边界条件难以满足而大多受限于SH波入射理论解研究的空白。其次，基于上述结果，编制代码和可视化开发，实现理论方法程序化，并验证其可行性和可靠性。最后，为研究SV波输入下分层和峡谷效应多点激励对结构的影响，针对一峡谷桥梁进行模型建立、修正、多点地震反应计算以及分析比较。结果表明：①分层效应对结构反应影响明显，传统均匀介质的假定所带来的影响不容忽视；②采用传统适用于平整场地多点地震动作为激励，会导致与峡谷地形多点地震反应差别明显，且会低估结构反应；③SV波斜入射多点激励下所产生地震动的空间变异性，会使得地震反应计算结果幅值出现明显增大现象。该理论方法、程序开发可供类似工程场地分析参考。     

峡谷地形条件下铁路客专桥梁大体积砼施工质量控制技术

随着我国高速铁路建设进程的推进,为跨越沟谷而设置的高墩大跨桥梁也随之增多,在大型桥梁建设中,如何做好大体积砼的温控工作,防止砼由于内外温差过大而产生有害裂缝是施工中的关键技术问题.结合岔河特大桥峡谷地形条件下大体积砼施工,从砼配合比设计、砼的拌和运输、浇筑及养生等质量控制环节,采取合理的技术措施,同时对大体积砼采取保温保温的养护措施,有效控制了大体积砼有害裂缝的产生.     

Tectonically active sediment dispersal system in SW Taiwan margin with emphasis on the Gaoping (Kaoping) Submarine Canyon

The sediment dispersal system in southwestern Taiwan margin consists of two main parts: the subaerial drainage basin and the offshore receiving marine basin. In plan view, this sediment dispersal system can be further divided into five geomorphic units: (1) the Gaoping (formerly spelled Kaoping) River drainage basin, (2) the Gaoping (Kaoping) Shelf, (3) the Gaoping (Kaoping) Slope, (4) the Gaoping (Kaoping) Submarine Canyon and (5) the Manila Trench in the northernmost South China Sea. The Gaoping River drainage basin is a small (3250 km²), tectonically active and overfilled foreland basin, receiving sediments derived from the uprising Central Range of Taiwan with a maximum elevation of 3952 m. The Gaoping Submarine Canyon begins at the mouth of the Gaoping River, crosses the narrow Gaoping Shelf (~ 10 km) and the Gaoping Slope, and finally merges into the northern termination of the Manila Trench over a distance of ~ 260 km. The SW Taiwan margin dispersal system is characterized by a direct river-canyon connection with a narrow shelf and frequent episodic sediment discharge events in the canyon head.In a regional source to sink scheme, the Gaoping River drainage basin is the primary source area, the Gaoping Shelf being the sediment bypass zone and the Gaoping Slope being the temporary sink and the Manila Trench being the ultimate sink of the sediment from the Taiwan orogen. It is inferred from seismic data that the outer shelf and upper slope region can be considered as a line source for mass wasting deposits delivered to the lower Gaoping Slope where small depressions between diapiric ridges are partially filled with sediment or are empty.At present, recurrent hyperpycnal flows during the flood seasons are temporarily depositing sediments mainly derived from the Gaoping River in the head of the Gaoping Submarine Canyon. On the decadal and century timescales, sediments temporarily stored in the upper reach are removed over longer timescales probably by downslope-eroding sediment flows within the canyon. Presently, the Gaoping Submarine Canyon serves as the major conduit for transporting terrestrial sediment from the Taiwan orogen to the marine sink of the Manila Trench. Seismic data indicate that the Gaoping Submarine Canyon has been eroding the Gaoping Slope intensely by presumed hyperpycnal flows and transporting sediments from the canyon head to the middle and lower reaches of the canyon. The middle reach is a sediment bypass zone whereas the lower reach serves as either a temporary sediment sink or a sediment conduit, depending on relative prevalence to deposition or erosion during canyon evolution. Contrast differences in channel gradient and travel length between the Gaoping and Amazon sediment dispersal systems suggest that the Gaoping (Kaoping) River-Canyon system is an active sediment dispersal system for transporting terrestrial materials to the deep sea. The fate of the Gaoping River sediment is the northern Manila Trench.     

Modern accumulation rates and a budget of sediment off the Gaoping (Kaoping) River, SW Taiwan: A tidal and flood dominated depositional environment around a submarine canyon

Ninety-two box cores collected during 2004–2006 from an area of ~ 3000 km² off the Gaoping (formerly spelled Kaoping) River, SW Taiwan, were analyzed for fallout radionuclides (²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs and ⁷Be) to elucidate sedimentation rates and processes, and for the calculation of a sediment budget. The study area is located at an active collision margin with a narrow shelf and a submarine canyon extending essentially into the river's mouth. The results indicate fairly constant hemipelagic sedimentation in much of the open margin and for most of the time except in the inner shelf and along the axis of the canyon where sediment transport is more dynamic and is controlled by tidal current and wave activities constantly, and by fluvial floods or gravity-driven flows episodically. Sedimentation rates in the study area derived from ²¹⁰Pb and constrained by ¹³⁷Cs vary from 0.04 to 1.5 cm/yr, with the highest rates (> 1 cm/yr) flanking the Gaoping canyon over the upper slope (200–600 m) and the lowest rates (< 0.1 cm/yr) in the distal basin beyond the continental slope. The depocenter delineated from ²¹⁰Pb-based sedimentation rates overlaps with the area covered by a flood layer resulting from super-typhoon Haitang in July 2005. Such correspondence supports the notion that the processes operating on event timescale have bearing on the formation of the sediment strata over centennial or longer timescales.From the distribution of sedimentation rates, sediment deposited in the study area annually is estimated to be 6.6 Mton/yr, accounting for less than 20% of Gaoping River's sediment load. The calculated budget, coupled with the presence of the short-lived ⁷Be and non-steady-state distribution of low levels of ²¹⁰Pb in sediments along the canyon floor, suggests rapid transport of sediment from Gaoping River's mountainous watershed (the source) via the Gaoping (Kaoping) Submarine Canyon and adjacent channels (as the conduit and temporary sink) to the abyssal plain and the Manila Trench in the South China Sea (the ultimate sink).     

山区峡谷桥址地形模型过渡段优化

针对山区峡谷桥址地形模型入口边界确定问题，以贵州省湘江特大桥桥址处地形为依托，选择维多辛斯基曲线作为地形模型过渡段的基本曲线形式，采用计算流体动力学方法对不同曲线参数进行计算，并结合关联度权重确定法确定最优过渡段曲线参数。在此基础上设计并制作了几何缩尺比为1：1 500的桥位地形模型，分别进行了有、无过渡段地形模型的风洞试验，对比了地形模型有、无过渡段对桥位桥面高度处横桥向风速、风攻角以及桥梁总长1/4跨、1/2跨、3/4跨风剖面的影响。过渡段曲线的二维数值模拟结果表明：采用最优过渡段可有效降低模型边界后方气流等效风攻角，并最大程度地保持入流风速，减小过渡段后湍流度；设置过渡段后风速场分布特性与入流参考风速场分布特性的一致性较好。地形模型风洞试验结果表明：曲线过渡段使风剖面逐渐抬升，气流过渡平缓，不存在明显的加速效应，剪切层发展较慢；设置过渡段后不同风剖面位置处平均风速较无过渡段时大，湍流强度较无过渡段时低；设置过渡段对桥梁主梁高度处风攻角存在一定的影响，但有、无过渡段时的风攻角变化趋势大致相同；采用优化后的过渡段使风剖面逐渐抬升，减小了"人为峭壁"对地形模型试验结果的影响，主梁高度处横桥向风速总体大于无过渡段时主梁高度处横桥向风速。     

城市街道峡谷机动车排放氮氧化物扩散模拟

为了研究风速、风向、环境温度、污染源以及建筑物距离等因素对街道峡谷中汽车排放污染物扩散影响特性,本文采用RNG k-ε湍流模型方程及污染物对流扩散方程对其进行了二维数值模拟,得到了街道峡谷中机动车排放氮氧化物的流场和浓度场,从而证明了风速、风向、环境温度、污染源与建筑物距离等因素对街道峡谷中汽车排放污染物扩散确有明显影响作用。